| 1. | So the drought flow pattern or flood flow pattern is the characteristic of whole atmosphere . 2
这说明少雨流型、多雨流型是一个整层的特征。 |
| 2. | 2 . the ranges of factors about flood - release structures and flood flows are first proposed according to present technical level to introduce a mathematic model , ; 3
根据目前高拱坝坝身泄洪的技术水平，首次提出了应用于数学优化模型中的各类孔口参数及泄流参数的取值范围： 3 |
| 3. | Mathematical model is used to calculate and analyze water line in case of 9 kinds of flood flow levels respectively in reservoir . there are two programs including with enclose tideland for cultivation and without it in every flow level
利用数学模型分别对9个洪水流量级进行了水库沿程水面线计算分析，每个流量级分有围垦堤和没有围垦堤两个方案。 |
| 4. | Based on theory of water travel in catchment and reasoning formula , a new calculation model for flood flow design of culvert and small bridge in sichuan hilly area where is no runoff data is derived in the paper
因此，本文以著名的流域汇流公式为主，引入推理公式的思想，进行合理的概化导出了适合于四川丘陵地区无径流资料的中小桥涵设计洪水计算的新模型。 |
| 5. | ( 5 ) according to the calculated average section velocity . we can decide the type of the revetment . ( 6 ) when the scour hole depth of the dam head and trail parts is calculated inthe paper . we can validate whether the revetment material is strong enough to resist the degradation of the flood flow
根据以上计算所得的各断面平均流速，初步确定需要铺设的摘要护面类型计算在铺设护面以后坝首和坝末的冲坑深度，以验证护面材料是否可以抵抗洪水泄流的冲刷。 |
| 6. | Land uses within the areas of management and protection of rivers , lakes and reservoirs and flood storage and detention areas should be in line with plans for the comprehensive control , development and utilization of rivers and lakes and to the requirements of river channels , flood flows of rivers and lakes , flood storage and water transmission
在江河、湖泊、水库的管理和保护范围以及蓄洪滞洪区内，土地利用应当符合江河、湖泊综合治理和开发利用规划，符合河道、湖泊行洪、蓄洪和输水的要求。 |
| 7. | When catchment area , average channel gradient and catchment shape factor of designed culvert or bridge are known , a user can be convenient to get local parameters c , e and b from standard contour charts and easy to calculate flood flow just by a calculator . design period of flood flow is enormously shortened as well as a high precision . estimated flood flow through culvert or small bridge by new calculation model is generally less than by traditional methods , so that much cost is cut down a s reducing the span of culvert or small bridge
以75000km ~ 2的川中丘陵地区为试点研究区，绘制了该地区新模型的参数等值线图，率定了不同设计频率的改正系数，使设计者只需在地形图上获取集水面积，河道平均坡降和流域形状系数，在参数等值线图上查得桥涵所在地的相应参数，使用计算器即可迅速计算出设计流量，大大缩短了设计周期，且精度较高，设计的洪水流量一般低于传统方法，从而可减小桥涵跨径，节省投资。 |
| 8. | However , it lacks runoff data in absolutely most areas where culvert and small bridge locate . some traditional design method , such as the methods of statistic zone parameter , modification by catchment area , rainfall - runoff , reasoning formula and empiric equation et al , are used to estimate flood flow through culvert or bridge
然而，绝大多数中小桥涵所在地却没有可利用的径流资料，通常采用统计分区法，面积改正法、暴雨径流法、推理公式和经验公式等传统设计方法，这些方法一般比较繁琐、精度较低、设计的流量偏大，导致工程造价偏高而浪费资金。 |
| 9. | Monthly average composite potential geographical high in nine levels ( 850hpa , 700hpa , 600hpa , 500hpa , 200hpa , 100hpa , 70hpa , 50hpa , 30hpa ) are studied , and we also study the composite potential geographical high ' s similarity between 500hpa and other eight levels . all the studies show that the drought flow pattern " west positive east negative " and flood flow pattern " west negative east positive " not only exist in 500hpa presented in 80s last century , but also exist in other levels
并计算了500hpa合成高度场与其余8个层次合成高度场旱、涝流型的相似性度量，结果表明：上世纪八十年代提出的500hpa层次上高原东北侧“西正东负” (或“西高东低” )少雨流型及“西负东正” (或“西低东高” )多雨流型的特征，在850hpa 70hpa整层大气中仍然存在。 |
| 10. | The comprehensive control of soil and water loess makes the seasonal distribution of river flow more even by reducing more in flooding season and less in non - flooding season . the paper proposed a method to analyze the impact of the integrated control of soil and water loess on flood flow in a large - scale catchment
水土流失综合治理使汛期径流量减少程度大，非汛期减少程度小，从而使枯季径流量占年径流量的比例增加，汛期径流量的比例降低，径流量的季节分配趋于均匀。 |
